Volume and Issue Articles
Back to ArchivesVolume 5, Issue 4
July-August 2017
BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE CONTAINING EGG SHELL POWDER AS CEMENT REPLACING MATERIAL
Abstract: Throughout the world, concrete is being widely used for the construction of most of the buildings, bridges etc. Hence, it has been properly labeled as the backbone to the infrastructure development of a nation. Development of a nation not only depends upon the technology but also depends upon the infrastructure. Without concrete infrastructure is not possible. Thus concrete is indispensible material in every construction. The major element of concrete is cement. Since cement price is volatile and demand is so high, an alternate material can be used for replacement of cement. Since several replacement experiments were done for coarse and fine aggregate. Hence we go for replacement for cement. The alternate material in our project used was powdered Eggshell. In the present study, these Egg shell Powder is used as a partial replacement of cement and various properties like workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were determined. Egg shell powder is varied upto 24% (0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24 %) in this research work.
A REVIEW ON PROCESS PARAMETERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SIMILAR AND DISSIMILAR FRICTION STIR WELDED JOINTS
Abstract: TWI in 1991 came up with FSW, a new revolution in the field of welding for joining materials. It is a solid state welding process which can also weld light and soft materials (like Al, Mg etc.) which are nearly impossible to weld with conventional fusion welding process. Butt, lap, fillet, T and hollow work pieces like pipes tanks etc. can be welded by FSW. In this review different input process parameters and their effect on mechanical properties are studied and concluded that different process parameters (welding speed, tool rotation speed, tilt angle, plunge depth, tool shape etc.) affect the mechanical properties and microstructure of joint made by FSW. FS welded material shows high strength and hardness then fusion welded material. Advantages, disadvantages, application and future scope are also discussed in this study.
A REVIEW STUDY OF EGG SHELL POWDER AS A CEMENT REPLACING MATERIAL IN CONCRETE
Abstract: The use of SCM‟s was done from the ancient Greeks who incorporated volcanic ash with hydraulic lime to create a cementitious mortar. The Greeks passed this knowledge on to the Romans, who constructed such engineering marvels as the Roman aqueducts and the Coliseum, which still stand today. Early SCMs consisted of natural, readily available materials such as volcanic ash. Nowadays, most concrete mixture contains supplementary cementitious material that forms part of the cementitious component. These materials are majority byproducts from other processes or natural materials. The major benefits of SCM is its ability to replace certain amount of Portland cement and still able to display cementitious property, thus reducing the cost of using Portland cement. More recently, strict air-pollution controls and regulations have produced an abundance of industrial byproducts that can be used as supplementary cementitious materials such as Pozzocrete, Saw dust ash, Rice husk ash, Egg shell powder, Sugarcane bagasse ash, etc. The use of such byproducts in concrete construction not only prevents these products from being land-filled but also enhances the properties of concrete in the fresh and hardened states. This paper presents a brief history and review of Egg shell powder in concrete with the aim of introducing the technology. Key word: Cement replacing material, Egg Shell powder, Compressive strength 1.0
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES
Abstract: Many parts of the country have suffered earthquake in last three decades. In costal part of South India faced Tsunami. In first three earthquakes it was found that many of damaged structures were built in non-engineered masonry techniques. Unreinforced masonry structures are the most vulnerable during an earthquake. Normally they are designed for vertical loads and since masonry has adequate compressive strength, the structures behave well as long as the loads are vertical. When such a masonry structure is subjected to lateral inertial loads during an earthquake, the walls develop shear and flexural stresses. The strength of masonry under these conditions often depends on the bond between brick and mortar (or stone and mortar), which is quite poor. This bond is also often very poor when lime mortars or mud mortars are used. A masonry wall can also undergo failure in-plane shear, if the inertial forces are in the plane of the wall. Shear failure in the form of diagonal cracks is observed due to this. However, catastrophic collapses take place when the wall experiences out-ofplane flexure. This can bring down a roof and cause more damage. Masonry buildings with light roofs such as tiled roofs are more vulnerable to out-of-plane vibrations since the top edge can undergo large deformations. It is always useful to investigate the behaviour of masonry buildings after an earthquake, so as to identify any inadequacies in earthquake resistant design. Studying types of masonry construction, their performance and failure patterns helps in improving the design and detailing aspects. In previous earthquakes many R.C.C buildings have also collapsed and are found unsafe due to faulty workmanship. Many other causes are responsible for major collapse and damage to the R.C.C structures.
REVIEW PAPER OF ACCIDENT ANALYSIS OF A STATE HIGHWAY (GOHANA TO SONEPAT SH- 11 HARYANA)
Abstract: Rapid growth of population coupled with economic activities has resulted in continuous growth of motor vehicles and due to increasing population and vehicles, traffic accidents are increasing day-by-day. Traffic accidents related to deaths and injuries result in not only substantial economic losses but also serious physical and mental suffering. The increasing road accident has also created social problems due to loss of lives and human miseries. The road accidents are very much on Gohana-Sonepat Road & due to which it was very essential to evaluate “Accident analysis of Gohana-Sonepat Road” so that the remedial measures should be suggested to the accidents on Gohana-Sonepat road, according the data related to traffic volume, type of vehicles, accident data, type of accident, causes of accident vehicles involved in the accident, were collected from the last five years and analysed.
A REVIEW ON VEHUCLAR AD HOC NETWORK (VANET) USING CLUSTERING BASED TECHNIQUE Surender Pal (M.Tech Scholar)
Abstract: The goal of this study is to describeVehicle-to-vehicle communication is a relatively new concept in the field of road traffic safety, an increasing number of worldwide studies and research being performed on the subject. Traffic safety has become a priority and with the development of communication technologies and wireless networks, VANET networks have emerged. VANET or Vehicular Ad-hoc Network ensures a communication protocol between close vehicles or between a vehicle and infrastructure (indicator, traffic light, road junction). The main goal of VANET networks is the development of distributed applications and oriented public safety, in order to save lives and improve traffic conditions.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ENCASEMENT OF STONE COLUMNS IN COMPACTED POND ASH Mandeep Saini, Er. Vishal Yadav
Abstract: Soil reinforcement can be an ideal solution for improvement of clay. Out of other conventional method, Stone columns are effectively being used for ground improvement, particularly for flexible structures such as road embankments, oil storage tanks, etc. The load capacity of the Stone columns mainly depends on the shear strength of the surrounding Black cotton soil. Stone columns are extensively used to improve the bearing capacity of poor ground and reduce the settlement of structures built on them. A stone column is one of the soil stabilization methods that are used to increase strength, decrease the compressibility of soft and loose fine graded soils, accelerate a consolidation effect and reduce the liquefaction potential of soils. They are mainly used for stabilization soft soil such as soft clays, silts and silty-sands. Laboratory investigation has been carried out to study the influence of area replacement ratios and length ratios of stone columns on load carrying capacity of organic clay treated with stone columns. The load capacity increases as the area replacement ratio and length ratio increase and length ratio of one gives the maximum load capacity.
REVIEW PAPER ON IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
Abstract: Flexible pavements are sensitive elements to environment and the performance of the pavement can be effected by climate change. Climate change poses a challenge to design and management of flexible pavements in the future. Climate change occur worldwide and thus all flexible pavements are exposed to the impact. Though an considerable framework is not available to calculate the impact of climate change on flexible pavements in terms of performance, maintenance and the subsequent cost of pavement. Pavement performance predictions are applied to schedule maintenance interventions. Maintenance effects of treatments are considered in maintenance decision-making. Pavement performance, intervention strategies, and life-cycle costs can be compared under various climate change and baseline scenarios. Maintenance effect models of Roughness Index (IRI) and rutting are validated using pavement condition survey data from NH 1 from Karnal Bypass to Singhu Border Delhi.
REVIEW PAPER ON APPLICATION OF THE DISSIPATED ENERGY CONCEPT TO FATIGUE CRACKING IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT 187.020 TO 205.070 AMBALA- MOHRA SECTION OF CHANDIGARH NEW DELHI NATIONAL HIGHWAY 1
Abstract: Bituminous surfacing of pavements exhibit flexural fatigue cracking if the tensile strain at the bottom of the bituminous layer is beyond certain limit. Commonly bituminous concrete used as surface course mixes produced with conventional bitumen a viscoelastic material and temperature susceptible. It is also prone to permanent deformation under repeated axle loads. The flexural stiffness, phase angle, energy dissipation were calculated from the load- displacement data and fatigue life was calculated using all the aforementioned approaches. The fatigue life of asphalt concrete pavements depends on stiffness of the mix, bitumen content, softening point of bitumen, viscosity of bitumen, grading of aggregate, construction practice, traffic, and climate. Aggregate shape also indirectly influences fatigue performance by its effect on applied strain. Pavement Maintenance validated using pavement condition survey data from NH 1 from Ambala to Mohra.
FRICTION STIR WELDING & EFFECT OF ITS PROCESS PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WELDED MATERIAL : A REVIEW
Abstract: In present world the requirement of material arises which have high strength to weight ratio. The material like Al , Mg have such properties but the joining of this material is nearly impossible with traditional fusion welding processes. TWI in 1991 patented a technique called friction Stir Welding (FSW), which can weld materials by melting the material by 70-80% of its melting temperature. By using this technique material which are hard welded can be welded. Butt, Lap T, Cylindrical, Hollow joints can be welded. In this review a study is done on mechanical properties affected by process parameters of friction stir welding & to which extend. The material welded by FSW gives better mechanical properties than material welded by tradition fusion welding processes. Application & Future Scope are discussed in this study.